Review:

Review: [various web sources]

Particles -------------------------------

fermions
matter
spin 1/2
leptons	baryons




bosons
forces
spin 1 (graviton spin 2)
interactions vector bosons
QED
WEAK
QCD
Gravity G

Higgs Boson

leptons and baryons have antiparticles
charged vector bosons have antiparticles
, Higgs are considered to be particle & antiparticle
gluons are also particle antiparticle but not as simple. There are three colors and three anticolors . The gluon states can carry color (charged). We need 8 gluons and there are 9 unique combinations of the color states . The analysis of the symmetry group SU(3) selects 8 combinations (If U(3) was the symmetry there would be a singlet state. Remember that a spin 1 particle built from 2 spin 1/2 particle can combine to have S_z=0. A color state can combine colors with a total of zero color and still not be a singlet.)

color singlet not included. Again color singlet and are not the same thing just as J_z=0 can be either J=1 or J=0 with a total spin of 1 still having a z-component of zero so a cancellation of the color charge doesn’t imply a singlet state. It is the color singlet state that is stable.

The details of QCD are typically glossed over in introductory particle physics. The reason is that the forces are so strong that the underlying interactions are simply used to select the allowable quark states. This is how we treat the Feynman diagrams for QCD. Assume color singlets and then use these states to explain the interactions (pion exchange).

The weak interaction is unique in a number of respects:

It is the only interaction capable of changing flavour.
It is the only interaction which violates parity symmetry P (because it only acts on left-handed particles). It is also the only one which violates CP.

It is mediated by heavy gauge bosons. This unusual feature is explained in the Standard Model by the Higgs mechanism.

Symmetry -------------------------------

The global Poincaré symmetry is postulated for all relativistic quantum field theories. It consists of the familiar translational symmetry, rotational symmetry and the boosts of special relativity. You also consider the improper spacetime transforamtions P spacial inverions, and T time reversal. The natural representations of this group which labels the particle by momentum and spin leads naturally to particle antiparticle states. Dirac discovered this in his approach also. With the advent of these anti particle states the transformation is added [C] as a symmetry. Particle interactions are the same as antiparticle interactions [with some care]. There are several internal symmetries. These are symmetries that do not reflect space time character. Clearly particle and anti particle labels are not based on postion or time. The local SU(3) $\times$ SU(2) $\times$ U(1) gauge symmetry is an internal symmetry that essentially defines the standard model. Roughly, the three factors of the gauge symmetry give rise to the three fundamental interactions.

{Use SU(2)_L only }

Symmetry plays 2 distinct roles in QFT.

Global symmetries that lead to conservation laws, restrictions on equations of motion, reaction and natural choices for the states used to describe systems. You choose for example states of definite charge as the particle states.
Local symmetries that lead to terms in the Lagrangian that describe how the fields interact. A U(1) symmetry can be used to find the coupling of charged fields to the photons as .

Symmetries are also considered to be:

True complete symmetries when no violation of the symmetry occurs.
Partial when some situations reflect the symmetry but others don’t. Flavor symmetry is a good symmetry and helps predict how to combine the quarks into composite systems such as the proton, neutron [Note proton and have the same quark content and the neutron and also have same quark content]. However flavor symmetry is broken by the quark masses. Also some symmetries are found to be valid for only some interactions.
Spontaneously broken symmetries are symmetries that are true for the system but can be broken by the lowest energy state. Somehow the energy of the ground state forces the state to assume a value that breaks the symmetry. A simple illustration is a pencil balanced on its point which is symmetric for rotations about the z-axis. The pencil however will fall and assume a specific orientation which no longer reflects this symmetry. Quantum systems are a bit more complicated because the quantum state of the system could be a linear combination of pencil states of all orientations which would restore the symmetry. The Higgs particle is added to create a broken symmetry for the vacuum in the standard model.

Symmetries of the Standard Model and Associated Conservation Laws
Symmetry	Group	Symmetry Type	Conservation Law
Poincaré	Translations $\rtimes$ SO(1,3) Trans+[Lorentz group]	Global symmetry	Energy, Momentum, Angular momentum
Poincaré	P parity,	Improper or discrete	parity P
Poincaré	T time rev. [antiUnitary]	Improper or discrete	generators not Hermetian so no observable is conserved
internal	C charge conjugation	Improper or discrete	charge conjugation C
Gauge	SU(3) $\times$ SU(2) $\times$ U(1)	Local symmetry	Electric charge, Weak isospin, Color charge
Baryon phase	U(1)	Accidental Global symmetry	Baryon number
Electron phase	U(1)	Accidental Global symmetry	Electron number
Muon phase	U(1)	Accidental Global symmetry	Muon number
Tau phase	U(1)	Accidental Global symmetry	Tau-lepton number

Quantum numbers -------------------------------

Quantum numbers are the observables of the quantum system. Under the action of a symmetry some quantum numbers will not change. For example under reflection, P, the location of a particle will change. Under rotation the location of a particle will change. However the even or odd character of a wf doesn’t change under reflection and the angular momentum of a state is unchanged by rotation.

Quantum numbers and symmetry (M=almost always conserved, A=always, P=partially)
		Relevant Symmetry			int. violate	int. follow
		Poincare space-time Translations, Rotations, Boosts		momentum conservation ang. mom conservation energy conservation		all
Parity P		Improper space-time			W	S,E	P
There is no observed quantum number conserved for time reversal because it is not a unitary transformation.
Charge Conjugation C		Particle è anti particle			W	S,E	M

charge Q		phase U(1)				all	A
Baryon number B		phase U(1)				all	A
lepton number L		phase U(1)				all
Lepton F		phase U(1)			mix	S,E
Strangeness S		U(1)			W	S,E	P
Isospin (upness, downness)		SU(2)			W	S,E	P
Top					W	S,E	P
Bottom					W	S,E	P
There are Quantum numbers that are linear combinations of other quantum numbers. These may be more convenient for labeling states. This occurs when the natural quantum states may be linear combinations of states with different quantum numbers. The which has both up and down quarks and is labled by isospin rather I_zrather than .

strong hypercharge Y=2(Q-I_z)		flavor (limit as quark massè0)		labels the flavor SU(3) multiplets	W, S,E		P
				For SU(3) the flavor symmetry of up, down, strange one needs to labels for the multiplets. Usual choice is
weak hypercharge

	All quarks		just u,d,s
Q
B
I_z
S
C

There are eight generators for SU(3) .

;

	charge	mass MeV	I isospin	J spin	P parity	C charge conj	lep # & LF#
e	-1	0.5	N/A	1/2	+1	N/A	1,e=1
	0	~0	N/A	1/2	+1	N/A	1,e=1
	-1	106	N/A	1/2	+1	N/A	1,=1
	0	~0	N/A	1/2	+1	N/A	1,=1
	-1	1777	N/A	1/2	+1	N/A	1,=1
	0	~0	N/A	1/2	+1	N/A	1,=1
u	2/3	2	1/2	1/2	+1	N/A	0
d	-1/3	4	1/2	1/2	+1	N/A	0
c	2/3	1300	0	1/2	+1	N/A	0
s	-1/3	90	0	1/2	+1	N/A	0
t	2/3	172000	0	1/2	+1	N/A	0
b	-1/3	4000	0	1/2	+1	N/A	0
	0	0	0,1	1	-1	-1	0
	1	80000	N/A	1		N/A	0
	-1	80000	N/A	1		N/A	0
	0	90000	N/A	1		-1	0
g	0	0	0	1	-1		0
G	0		N/A	2			0
H	0	>115000	N/A	0			0

assign an overall lepton # +1 leptons, -1 antileptons, 0 , all others 0
assign generation specific Q#, e-number, μ-number, τ-number but these are not conserved due to neutrino oscillations.
Since neutrinos do have a tiny nonzero mass, neutrino oscillation LF (lepton Flavor) only approximate. This means the conservation laws are violated, although because of the smallness of the neutrino mass they still hold to a very large degree for interactions containing charged leptons. However, the lepton number conservation law must still hold (under the Standard Model).
Fermions have parity +1 intrinsic and antifermions have -1.
Parity for the photon is chosen to be consistent with the convention that the electric field is a vector and the magnetic field is an axial vector. -1
Charge conjugation holds for particles that are their own anti particle and it is
Vectors change sign under a parity (reflection) axial vectors don’t change sign.
Wave functions expressed in spherical harmonics or orbital angular momentum states transform with an overall factor
For composite systems the parity will depend on the relative orbital angular moment which for two particles which is straightforward to define . For three particle composite systems the wave function is a bit more complicated but the parity can be determined.
Combining the parity for the meson where L is the relative wf angular momentum.
To look at C we must have so that the states are their own anti particle.

Quark flavor properties^[41]
Name	Symbol	Gen.	Mass (MeV/c²)	I	J	Q	S	C	B′	T	Antiparticle
Up	u	1	000002.81.5 to 3.3	1/2	1/2	+2/3	0	0	0	0	Antiup
Down	d	1	000004.83.5 to 6.0	1/2	1/2	−1/3	0	0	0	0	Antidown
Charm	c	2	001270.01,270	0	1/2	+2/3	0	+1	0	0	Anticharm
Strange	s	2	000104.0104	0	1/2	−1/3	−1	0	0	0	Antistrange
Top	t	3	171200.0171,200	0	1/2	+2/3	0	0	0	+1	Antitop
Bottom	b	3	004200.04,200	0	1/2	−1/3	0	0	−1	0	Antibottom

(Key: Gen. = generation, I = isospin, J = spin, Q = electric charge, S = strangeness, C = charm, B′ = bottomness, T = topness. Notation like 104+26−34 denotes measurement uncertainty: the value is between 104 + 26 = 130 and 104 − 34 = 70, with 104 being the most likely value.

Bosons

Name	Symbol	Antiparticle	Charge (e)	Spin	Mass (GeV/c²)	Force mediated	Existence
Photon	γ	Self	0	1	0	Electromagnetism	Confirmed
W boson	W⁻	W⁺	−1	1	80.4	Weak	Confirmed
Z boson	Z	Self?	0	1	91.2	Weak	Confirmed
Gluon	g	Self?	0	1	0	Strong	Confirmed
Graviton	G	Self	0	2	0	Gravity	Unconfirmed
Higgs boson	H⁰	Self?	0	0	> 112	See below	Unconfirmed

Standard model of elementary particles. The electron is at lower left.

The weak interaction is unique in a number of respects:

It is the only interaction capable of changing flavour.
It is the only interaction which violates parity symmetry P (because it only acts on left-handed particles). It is also the only one which violates CP.
It is mediated by heavy gauge bosons. This unusual feature is explained in the Standard Model by the Higgs mechanism.

unification is accomplished under an SU(2) × U(1) gauge group

Hypercharge and Isospin

In looking at quantum numbers for the quarks one defines isospin and hypercharge. The weak interaction sector also will define a version of isospin and hypercharge. The strong interaction versions are related to flavor symmetry while the weak versions are based on gauge transformations that unify E&M and weak. The following discussion will attempt to clarify the difference.

Y_strong The hypercharge was added to I_z isospin z-component in order to define a 2-d plane for SU(3) flavor u,d,s. Y (y-axis) I_z(x-axis) so that points labeled with Y, I_z are particles in a SU(3) multiplet.

If u,d,s quarks are the same under the strong interaction than multiplets of SU(3) are degenerate and these particle states will be important. To characterize the members of the multiplet you use two labels Y_strong, I_z.

Y_strong= S+B=2(Q- I_z)

add other quarks you then define

The symmetry for the electroweak unification combines an SU(2) and U(1) symmetry constraint. The SU(2) structure is apparent because we group many of the particles to doublets and a U(1) symmetry should generate an E&M interaction. For E&M one discovers that the generator is the charge. So one would recognize the U(1) symmetry as the global symmetry that requires charge conservation. Build the electroweak however this particular symmetry reveals itself only after the symmetry breaking mixes the vector bosons. Thus we start with a U(1) with the generator Y, weak hypercharge.

Y_w is the quantity associated with the U(1) gauge transformation that produces the electroweak interaction

SU(2)_L×U(1)_Y

The SU(2) doublets are even referred to as weak isospin. These weak isospin doublets are all of the weak partners (u,d’), (c,s’), (t,b’), (e,υ), … [Strong isospin is u,d with no Cabbibo mixing]. In developing the SU(2) symmetry the operators T

with

are used. This is the same structure as the strong isospin with I ()

Need to figure this out !!!!!!!!!

However the final version of the theory mixes the state associated with the z-components of gauge boson for SU(2) and the gauge boson of U(1).

Q = (e/g) T₃ + (e/g') Y = sinθ_W T₃ + cosθ_W Y,

where we have introduced the Weinberg angle, θ_W. In terms of this, one can write

Z_μ=cosθ_W W³_μ - sinθ_W B_μ, and A_μ=sinθ_W W³_μ + cosθ_W B_μ.

Which might lead to a redefintion of of T₃ and Y such that

I_z=sinθ_W T₃ and Y^W= 2cosθ_W Y

$Q = I^W_z + {1 \over 2} Y^W$

Parameters of the Standard Model
Symbol	Description	Renormalization scheme (point)	Value
$m e$	Electron mass		511 keV
$m μ$	Muon mass		106 MeV
$m τ$	Tau lepton mass		1.78 GeV
$m u$	Up quark mass	( $\mu_{\overline{\text{MS}}}=2\text{ GeV}$ )	1.9 MeV
$m d$	Down quark mass	( $\mu_{\overline{\text{MS}}}=2\text{ GeV}$ )	4.4 MeV
$m s$	Strange quark mass	( $\mu_{\overline{\text{MS}}}=2\text{ GeV}$ )	87 MeV
$m c$	Charm quark mass	( $\mu_{\overline{\text{MS}}}=m_c$ )	1.32 GeV
$m b$	Bottom quark mass	( $\mu_{\overline{\text{MS}}}=m_b$ )	4.24 GeV
$m t$	Top quark mass	(on-shell scheme)	172.7 GeV
$θ 12$	CKM 12-mixing angle		0.229
$θ 23$	CKM 23-mixing angle		0.042
$θ 13$	CKM 13-mixing angle		0.004
$δ$	CKM CP-Violating Phase		0.995
$g 1$	U(1) gauge coupling	( $\mu_{\overline{\text{MS}}}=M_\text{Z}$ )	0.357
$g 2$	SU(2) gauge coupling	( $\mu_{\overline{\text{MS}}}=M_\text{Z}$ )	0.652
$g 3$	SU(3) gauge coupling	( $\mu_{\overline{\text{MS}}}=M_\text{Z}$ )	1.221
$θ QCD$	QCD Vacuum Angle		~0
$μ$	Higgs quadratic coupling		Unknown
$λ$	Higgs self-coupling strength		Unknown

Technically, quantum field theory provides the mathematical framework for the standard model, in which a Lagrangian controls the dynamics and kinematics of the theory. Each kind of particle is described in terms of a dynamical field that pervades space-time. The construction of the standard model proceeds following the modern method of constructing most field theories: by first postulating a set of symmetries of the system, and then by writing down the most general renormalizable Lagrangian from its particle (field) content that observes these symmetries.

The global Poincaré symmetry is postulated for all relativistic quantum field theories. It consists of the familiar translational symmetry, rotational symmetry and the inertial reference frame invariance central to the theory of special relativity. The local SU(3) $\times$ SU(2) $\times$ U(1) gauge symmetry is an internal symmetry that essentially defines the standard model. Roughly, the three factors of the gauge symmetry give rise to the three fundamental interactions. The fields fall into different representations of the various symmetry groups of the Standard Model (see table). Upon writing the most general Lagrangian, one finds that the dynamics depend on 19 parameters, whose numerical values are established by experiment. The parameters are summarized in the table at right.

[edit] The QCD sector

Main article: Quantum chromodynamics

[edit] The electroweak sector

Main article: Electroweak interaction

The electroweak sector is a Yang-Mills gauge theory with the symmetry group $U(1)\times SU(2)_L$ ,

$\mathcal{L}_{EW}=\sum_\psi\bar\psi\gamma^\mu\left( i\partial_\mu-g'{1\over2}Y_WB_\mu -g{1\over2}\vec\tau_L\vec W_\mu \right)\psi +\mathcal{L}_{YM}(B_\mu) +\mathcal{L}_{YM}(\vec W_\mu),$

where $B μ$ is the $U (1)$ gauge field; $Y W$ is the weak hypercharge — the generator of the U(1) group; $\vec{W}_\mu$ is the three-component SU(2) gauge field; $\vec{\tau}_L$ are the Pauli matrices — infinitesimal generators of the SU(2) group, the subscript $L$ indicates that they only act on left fermions; $g'$ and $g$ are coupling constants.

Additional Symmetries of the Standard Model

From the theoretical point of view, the standard model exhibits additional global symmetries that were not postulated at the outset of its construction. There are four such symmetries and are collectively called accidental symmetries, all of which are continuous U(1) global symmetries. The transformations leaving the Lagrangian invariant are

U(1)è

$E_L\rightarrow e^{i\beta}E_L\text{ and }(e_R)^c\rightarrow e^{i\beta}(e_R)^c$

$M_L\rightarrow e^{i\beta}M_L\text{ and }(\mu_R)^c\rightarrow e^{i\beta}(\mu_R)^c$

$T_L\rightarrow e^{i\beta}T_L\text{ and }(\tau_R)^c\rightarrow e^{i\beta}(\tau_R)^c.$

The first transformation rule is shorthand to mean that all quark fields for all generations must be rotated by an identical phase simultaneously. The fields $M L$ , $T L$ and $(μ R) c$ , $(τ R) c$ are the 2nd (muon) and 3rd (tau) generation analogs of $E L$ and $(e R) c$ fields.

By Noether's theorem, each of these symmetries yields an associated conservation law. They are the conservation of baryon number, electron number, muon number, and tau number. Each quark carries 1/3 of a baryon number, while each antiquark carries -1/3 of a baryon number. The conservation law implies that the total number of quarks minus number of antiquarks stays constant throughout time. Within experimental limits, no violation of this conservation law has been found.

Similarly, each electron and its associated neutrino carries +1 electron number, while the antielectron and the associated antineutrino carry -1 electron number, the muons carry +1 muon number and the tau leptons carry +1 tau number. The standard model predicts that each of these three numbers should be conserved separately in a manner similar to the baryon number. These numbers are collectively known as lepton family numbers (LF). The difference in the symmetry structures between the quark and the lepton sectors is due to the masslessness of neutrinos in the standard model. However, it was recently found that neutrinos have small mass, and oscillate between flavors, signaling the violation of these three quantum numbers.

In addition to the accidental (but exact) symmetries described above, the standard model exhibits a set of approximate symmetries. These are the SU(2) Custodial Symmetry and the SU(2) or SU(3) quark flavor symmetry.

Left-handed fermions in the Standard Model
Generation 1
Fermion (left-handed)	Symbol	Electric charge	Weak isospin	Weak hypercharge	Color charge *	Mass **
Electron	$e^-\,$	$-1\,$	$-1/2\,$	$-1\,$	$\bold{1}\,$	511 keV
Positron	$e^+\,$	$+1\,$	$0\,$	$+2\,$	$\bold{1}\,$	511 keV
Electron-neutrino	$\nu_e\,$	$0\,$	$+1/2\,$	$-1\,$	$\bold{1}\,$	< 2 eV ****
Up quark	$u\,$	$+2/3\,$	$+1/2\,$	$+1/3\,$	$\bold{3}\,$	~ 3 MeV ***
Up antiquark	$\bar{u}\,$	$-2/3\,$	$0\,$	$-4/3\,$	$\bold{\bar{3}}\,$	~ 3 MeV ***
Down quark	$d\,$	$-1/3\,$	$-1/2\,$	$+1/3\,$	$\bold{3}\,$	~ 6 MeV ***
Down antiquark	$\bar{d}\,$	$+1/3\,$	$0\,$	$+2/3\,$	$\bold{\bar{3}}\,$	~ 6 MeV ***

Generation 2
Fermion (left-handed)	Symbol	Electric charge	Weak isospin	Weak hypercharge	Color charge *	Mass **
Muon	$\mu^-\,$	$-1\,$	$-1/2\,$	$-1\,$	$\bold{1}\,$	106 MeV
Antimuon	$\mu^+\,$	$+1\,$	$0\,$	$+2\,$	$\bold{1}\,$	106 MeV
Muon-neutrino	$\nu_\mu\,$	$0\,$	$+1/2\,$	$-1\,$	$\bold{1}\,$	< 2 eV ****
Charm quark	$c\,$	$+2/3\,$	$+1/2\,$	$+1/3\,$	$\bold{3}\,$	~ 1.337 GeV
Charm antiquark	$\bar{c}\,$	$-2/3\,$	$0\,$	$-4/3\,$	$\bold{\bar{3}}\,$	~ 1.3 GeV
Strange quark	$s\,$	$-1/3\,$	$-1/2\,$	$+1/3\,$	$\bold{3}\,$	~ 100 MeV
Strange antiquark	$\bar{s}\,$	$+1/3\,$	$0\,$	$+2/3\,$	$\bold{\bar{3}}\,$	~ 100 MeV

Generation 3
Fermion (left-handed)	Symbol	Electric charge	Weak isospin	Weak hypercharge	Color charge *	Mass **
Tau lepton	$\tau^-\,$	$-1\,$	$-1/2\,$	$-1\,$	$\bold{1}\,$	1.78 GeV
Anti-tau lepton	$\tau^+\,$	$+1\,$	$0\,$	$+2\,$	$\bold{1}\,$	1.78 GeV
Tau-neutrino	$\nu_\tau\,$	$0\,$	$+1/2\,$	$-1\,$	$\bold{1}\,$	< 2 eV ****
Top quark	$t\,$	$+2/3\,$	$+1/2\,$	$+1/3\,$	$\bold{3}\,$	171 GeV
Top antiquark	$\bar{t}\,$	$-2/3\,$	$0\,$	$-4/3\,$	$\bold{\bar{3}}\,$	171 GeV
Bottom quark	$b\,$	$-1/3\,$	$-1/2\,$	$+1/3\,$	$\bold{3}\,$	~ 4.2 GeV
Bottom antiquark	$\bar{b}\,$	$+1/3\,$	$0\,$	$+2/3\,$	$\bold{\bar{3}}\,$	~ 4.2 GeV
Notes: · * These are not ordinary abelian charges, which can be added together, but are labels of group representations of Lie groups. · Mass is really a coupling between a left-handed fermion and a right-handed fermion. For example, the mass of an electron is really a coupling between a left-handed electron and a right-handed electron, which is the antiparticle of a left-handed positron. Also neutrinos show large mixings in their mass coupling, so it's not accurate to talk about neutrino masses in the flavor basis or to suggest a left-handed electron antineutrino. · *** The masses of baryons and hadrons and various cross-sections are the experimentally measured quantities. Since quarks can't be isolated because of QCD confinement, the quantity here is supposed to be the mass of the quark at the renormalization scale of the QCD scale. · ****** The Standard Model assumes that neutrinos are massless. However, several contemporary experiments prove that neutrinos oscillate between their flavour states, which could not happen if all were massless. ^[11] It is straightforward to extend the model to fit these data but there are many possibilities, so the mass eigenstates are still open. See Neutrino#Mass.

Parity

Momentum switches

Spin unchanged

Examine a wheel spinning and spinning in a mirror. The object would spin in the same direction.

Consider the rotating wheel shown above. Map all the points on the wheel on the right to point on the wheel on the left through parity. These points are found by drawing a line through the origin (x,y,z è -x,-y,-z). Now map these same points again at short time later. The result is a parity transformation acting on the object (not the coordinate system) preserves the sense of the rotation.

Angular momentum is an axial vector. No change in sign.

Position, velocity and momentum are vectors. Change sign.

Proper Poincare transformations are all the translations, rotations and boosts that are continuously connected to the identity. There is no way to define a transformation that is dependent on a parameter, such that changes in the parameter start the corresponding transformation at the identity and at some other parameter value the transformation is a parity transformation. 2-d rotations for θ=0^o correspond to the identity. The angle can be increased from 0^o to for example to 30^o through arbitrarily small steps. The rotation about an axis by 30^o is therefore continuously connected back to the identity.

There are three important types of transformations that fall into this category:

Parity (x,y,z è -x,-y,-z)
Charge Conjugation (particle è antiparticle)
Time reversal (t è -t)

Parity and time reversal are improper transformations but are part of the full Poincare set of possible transformations. Charge conjugation is an additional transformation that does not involve space-time but is essential for field theories.

How do states (experiments, systems) transform under parity?

It is convenient to find states that have special properties (eigenstates).

Even without QM, function space can be examined in terms of odd and even functions. In general a function is neither odd or even but and function can be written as a sum of odd and even.

[SAME EQUATION AS ABOVE]

F is a general function that can always be written in terms of some odd and some even function.

Since a particle will be described by its spatial wavefunction it is convenient to recognize that a general function can also be written in terms of R(r)Y_lm(θ,φ), which are the angular momentum states.

To finalize our understanding of parity we need to ask if any of the internal (non-space-time) properties are impacted by a parity transformation.

Dirac equation (the relativistic treatment of the fermions) predicts, find, or demands that there be antiparticles related to particles. The relationship specifies that the parity of fermion and antifermion are opposite.

The solution for free fields based on Maxwell’s equations has an ambiguity that is usually resolved by choosing the Electric field to be a vector and the Magnetic field to be an axial vector. The four vector A^μpotential then has an overall negative parity (transforms as a vector).

Combining quarks to make composite system such as a pion requires the combination of the spatial, spin, intrinsic parity to find the overall parity of the composite system.

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

x There are 2 neutral K-meson states

• K° = ds S=+1 and K° = ds S=-1

x But since Strangeness S is not conserved in weak decays, these states can be converted into eachother by box diagrams involving exchange of two W bosons …

x Such transitions between particle and antiparticle states are usually forbidden because of conservation of some quantum number (e.g. charge in K+/K- or baryon number in neutron/antineutron)

x There is no conserved quantum number to distinguish the K° and K° states when weak interactions are taken into account

x The observed physical particles correspond to linear combinations of K° and K° i.e. the states mix

x Begin by assuming that CP invariance is exact and that the neutral kaon states are eigenstates of CP

x However CP|K°> = |K°> and CP|K°> = |K°>

x because PK = -1 and C|K°>=-|K°> by convention

x i.e. K° and K° are not CP eigenstates !

x … but CP eigenstates can be formed from linear combinations …

x |K1°> = ( |K°> + |K°> ) / Ö2 with CP = +1

x |K2°> = ( |K°> - |K°> ) / Ö2 with CP = -1

x |K°> and |K°> are the strong interaction eigenstates whilst |K1°> and |K2°> are the weak interaction eigenstates !

x Hence K1° ® pp and K2° ® ppp

x What are the possible non-leptonic decay modes of these states? (mK = 498 MeV, JK = 0)

• only pp and ppp modes conserve energy and momentum

• CP| pp> = +1 and CP|ppp> = -1

– p°p° : P = (-1)(-1)(-1)^L = +1 since L=0

C = (+1)(+1) = +1

– p°p°p° : P = (-1)(-1)(-1)(-1)^(L12)(-1)^(L3) = -1 as L12 = L3

C = (+1)(+1)(+1) = +1

– same results for p+p- and p+p-p° (see Martin+Shaw 10.2)

• since mp = 140 MeV the phase space factor for the pp mode is much larger than for the ppp (i.e. much more energy available for final state particle kinetic energies) and hence it has a much shorter lifetime (about 600 times shorter!)

• thus “K-Long” |K L°> = |K2°> and “K-short” K S°> = |K1°>